Does drinking water rich in hydrogen gas revive brain hypometabolism in neurodegeneration by SCFAs upregulation?

Abstract

Water infused with hydrogen gas (hydrogen-rich water, HRW) appeared recently as an innovative functional drink that may exhibit a number of benefits for human health. Specifically, HRW has recently been advocated as a possible nutritional upregulator of SCFAs production by gut microbiota in three pre-clinical trials, all published from 2018 onward. Ad libitum consumption of HRW (hydrogen 0.32 mM) for 4 weeks induced a significant rise in the production of certain SCFAs (such as propionic acid, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid) in mouse cecal contents, as compared to the control mice which consumed normal water with no dissolved hydrogen. Another study reported similar effects in piglets fed with a mycotoxin-contaminated diet, in which 25-day consumption of HRW (0.60 mM) augmented the levels of butyric acid, valeric acid, and total SCFAs in the large intestine. Finally, Bordoni et al. have shown that 15-day treatment with HRW (0.4–0.9 mM) in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease elevated the levels of butyric acid in the feces by inducing a higher abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria (including Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Papillibacter). Although promising, these preliminary studies have not addressed whether higher levels of gut flora-generated SCFAs after the treatment translate into improved brain bioenergetics. Nevertheless, a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group clinical trial reported ameliorated patient-reported disease rating scores in patients with levodopa-medicated Parkinson’s disease who drank 1000 mL per day of HRW for 48 weeks, suggesting that beneficial effects might be mediated by HRW-driven SCFAs output from the gut flora. These promising findings should be carefully interpreted since this pilot trial was rather small (e.g., nine patients received HRW and eight patients received placebo) and the authors have not tested SCFAs production or any other gut microbiome biomarker.

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Conference Abstract