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Biomarkers1▾

Malondialdehyde (MDA)64
Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α)63
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)60
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)47
8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)38
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)38
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)33
Catalase (CAT)31
Triglycerides (TAG)26
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)23
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)23
Glutathione (GSH)21
Heme Oxygenase-1 (HO-1)21
Interleukin-10 (IL-10)21
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx)20
Creatinine (Cr)19
Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 (Nrf2)17
Total Cholesterol (TC)16
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)15
Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)15
Heart rate (HR)14
Nitric oxide (NO)14
Caspase-313
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)12
High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)12
Lactate12
White Blood Cells (WBCs)12
C-reactive protein (CRP)11
Creatine kinase (CK)11
Hemoglobin (Hb)11
Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB)11
B-CellLymphoma2(Bcl-2)10
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)10
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS)10
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)9
HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C)9
Interferon Gamma (IFN-γ)9
LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C)9
Total Cholestrol9
Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)8
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)8
Interleukin-4 (IL-4)8
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)8
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)8
Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)8
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)8
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)7
Albumin (ALB)7
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)7
Apoptosis (Tunel) Assay7
Bax7
BCl-2-like3 protein (Bax)7
Biological Antioxidant Potential (BAP)7
Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT)7
Ghrelin7
Phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK)7
Blood glucose6
Cell proliferation6
Diene conjugates (DC)6
H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide)6
iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase)6
Interleukin-2 (IL-2)6
Interleukin-5 (IL-5)6
Interleukin-8 (IL-8)6
Ki-676
MatrixMetalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)6
Overall Survival Rate6
Reactive Oxidative Metabolites (dROM)6
TGF-β (Transforming Growth Factor beta)6
TNF-a6
Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC)6
Uric Acid (UA)6
Beclin-15
CD8+ T cells5
Cleaved Caspase-35
High-Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1)5
High-Sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP)5
IL-1b5
Lymphocyte count5
MatrixMetalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2)5
Mean Blood Pressure (MBP)5
Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP)5
Nad(p)h quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO-1)5
NF-κB p655
Oxygen Saturation (SpO2)5
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α)5
Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE)5
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)5
Serum creatinine5
Tumor size5
α-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin)5
Adiponectin4
Body Mass Index (BMI)4
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)4
CD4+ T cells4
Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height4
Fatigue scale4
Glucose (GLU)4
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)4
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)4
Insulin4
Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1)4
p38 MAPK4
Reduced glutathione (GSH)4
Schiff bases (SB)4
Superoxide (O2.-)4
TGF-β1 (Treg cytokine)4
Triene conjugates (TC)4
TUNEL-positive cells (apoptosis)4
Urea4
VO24
·OH (Hydroxyl radical)3
8-Isoprostane3
Apolipoprotein E (Apo-E)3
Bacteroidetes (gut microbiota)3
Body Weight (BW)3
Butyric acid3
Calcium (Ca2+)3
Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI)3
CD363
Cell viability3
Collagen I3
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)3
Executive Function (cognition)3
Ferritin3
Glucose Uptake3
Glutathione reductase (GR)3
Hydroxyl radical (•OH)3
IL-123
IL-133
Infarct size (IS/AR)3
Ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule (Iba1)3
Irisin3
lactobacillus3
Leptin3
Lipid Peroxides (LPOs)3
Matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3)3
Minute Ventilation (VE)3
Neutrophil count3
p-AKT3
p-eIF2α3
p-ERK3
p-p383
P623
pH3
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)3
Platelet count3
Platelets (PLT)3
Quality of Life (QoL)3
Runx23
SIRT-13
SOD13
Sod2 (superoxide dismutase 2)3
Troponin I (TnI)3
Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)3
Vitamin C3
Weight loss3
β2-microglobulin (β2-MG)3
(PD-1 +) CD8+ T-cells2
3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT)2
30-Second Chair Stand Test (30s-CST)2
6-min Walking Test (6MWT) Distance2
8-iso-PGF2α2
a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA)2
Acetic acid2
Akt2
Amyloid-beta (Aβ)2
Angiotensin II2
Apolipoprotein B (apoB)2
Apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100)2
Apoptosis2
Aquaporin-42
ATF52
Athletic performance2
bacteroides2
bifidobacterium2
Bone marrow nucleated cells (BMNC)2
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)2
Brain water content2
Breath Frequency (BF)2
Breath hydrogen2
Caspase 3 activity2
Caspase-12
CD312
CD682
Cell cycle genes (Cyclin D, E2F, CDC6, etc.)2
cfDNA (cell-free DNA)2
Coenzyme Q2
Cortisol2
COX2 (Cyclooxygenase-2)2
Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB)2
Creatinine Clearance (CrCl)2
CTGF2
Cytochrome c2
D Dimer2
DAS28 (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints)2
DMP12
Dopamine2
DUSP1 (Dual specificity phosphatase 1)2
E-cadherin2
Epinephrine2
ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase)2
Erythrocyte aggregation2
FGF21 (Fibroblast growth factor 21)2
Fibrinogen2
Firmicutes (gut microbiota phylum)2
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)2
GSH/GSSG ratio2
Hearing threshold change (dB)2
HeatShockProtein60(HSP60)2
Hematocrit2
Hydrogen (H2)2
Hydroxyproline2
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)2
INR (International Normalized Ratio)2
Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α)2
Interleukin-12p70 (IL-12p70)2
Intracellular Calcium2
K+ flux2
Kelch-like ech-related protein 1 (Keap-1)2
Lactate-to-pyruvate ratio2
LC3-II2
Left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP)2
Leukocyte count2
LF (Low Frequency Power)2
Lipid accumulation2
Lipid peroxidation (liver)2
Lymphocytes (LY)2
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein (MIP-1α)2
Methylglyoxal2
Mitochondrial superoxide2
MUC5AC2
Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MYD88)2
NADPH Oxidase (Nox2)2
Native Thiol (NT)2
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE)2
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR)2
Neutrophils (NEUT)2
Nitrite2
Nitrotyrosine2
Oxidation–Reduction Potential (ORP)2
Oxidized glutathione (GSSG)2
p-STAT32
p53 (protein and phospho-p53)2
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (pO2)2
PCO2 (Partial Pressure of CO2)2
Peak power (cycle tests)2
Peroxidase (POD)2
Phosphate2
Potassium (K+)2
Propionic acid2
Pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)2
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)2
Respiratory quotient (RQ)2
sarcosine2
SAS (Self-rating Anxiety Scale)2
SDS (Self-rating Depression Scale)2
Serum testosterone2
Sodium (Na+)2
Taurine2
Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Pathway2
Total bile acid (TBA)2
Total protein in BALF2
Total Thiol (TT)2
Total thiol groups2
Tryptase positive mast cells2
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons2
UCP2 (Uncoupling Protein 2)2
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)2
VCO22
Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VE/VO2)2
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for muscle soreness2
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for muscle soreness2
Vitamin E2
Waist circumference2
+dP/dtmax and -dP/dtmax1
12-HETE1
13-HODE1
1H NMR chemical shift (δ, ppm)1
2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG)1
23 nor-deoxycholic acid (23 norDCA),1
3-deoxyglucosone1
4-Acetamidobutanoate1
4-Guanidinobutanoate1
4-hydroxyl-2-nonenal (HNE)1
5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)1
8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-G)1
8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG)1
Abscisic acid (ABA)1
ABTS radical scavenging activity1
ACAN1
Acc1
ACC11
Acetate1
Acetoacetate1
Acetyl-CoA1
Acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1 (ACAA1)1
Acetylcholine1
ACOD1 (Irg1)1
ACOX1
ACPA (Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides)1
Actin fiber formation1
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)1
Activated regulatory T cells (Treg)1
Activated Treg cells1
acutalibacter1
Acyl ghrelin1
Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACX1)1
Acylcarnitines1
ADAS-Cog (orientation domain)1
ADAS-cog score1
Adenine1
AdipoR21
ADMA1
ADP ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1)1
ADRB1 (Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptor)1
ADRB2 (Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor)1
Adverse Events (AEs)1
AHA cardiovascular risk score1
AIF (Apoptosis-inducing factor)1
Air conduction threshold (hearing)1
Akkermansia (gut bacteria)1
Alanine1
Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (urine)1
Aldosterone1
Aldosterone-to-Renin Ratio1
Alloprevotella (gut microbiota genus)1
Amide I (protein)1
Amide II (protein)1
Ammonia1
Amylase1
Amyloid β (Aβ)-401
anaerobacterium1
anaerosacchariphilus1
anaerotruncus1
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE)1
Ankle swelling (circumference)1
Annexin V positive cells (apoptosis)1
Anthocyanin1
Antioxidant capacity (ABTS/DPPH)1
Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1)1
Apolipoprotein AI (apoAI)1
Apoptosis Index (TUNEL)1
Apoptosis rate1
APP (Amyloid Precursor Protein)1
Appetite1
APX2 transcript1
aquabacterium1
Aqueous humor protein (AqH protein)1
Arg-1 (Arginase-1)1
Arm fat index1
Arrhythmia score (AS)1
Arterial blood pH (fasting)1
ASC1
ATF41
Atg41
Atg5-Atg12-Atg16 complex1
Atg71
ATP levels1
ATP5b, ATP5o, ATP5j, ATP5l (ATP synthase subunits)1
Attention (cognitive)1
Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Thresholds1
Autonomic Balance (LF/HF ratio)1
Auxin (SlToFZY2, SlToFZY5, SlARF7, SlIAA14)1
Axin21
B regulatory cells (Breg)1
b-catenin1
b-wave peak time of Dark-adapted 3.0 ERG1
BACH11
Bacterial colony count (CFU/mL)1
BAD1
barnesiella1
Barthel Index (BI)1
Bcl-2-associated X (Bax)1
Bcl-2/Bax ratio1
Bcl61
Beta-carotene1
bFGF1
Bilirubin1
Blautia coccoides abundance1
Bleeding on Probing (BOP)1
Blood chemistry (liver, kidney, pancreas, cardiac enzymes, electrolytes, blood counts)1
Blood lactate1
Blood pH1
Blood pressure1
Blood pressure at rest1
Blood sugar1
BMP-21
Body fat percentage1
Body Mass (BM)1
Bone conduction threshold (hearing)1
Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2)1
Borg’s scale (RPE)1
Bowel movements1
Brain oxygenation (SbO2)1
BrdU1
BrdU uptake (cell cycle)1
Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC)1
Breath hydrogen concentration1
Breg cells1
Brief arousals (sleep fragmentation)1
Brief Fatigue Inventory–Taiwan (BFI–T)1
Bristol stool form score1
Butyrate1
Butyrate-producing bacteria1
C–H vibrations of fatty acids1
C–O–C vibrations (carbohydrates)1
C/EBPα and C/EBPβ1
Ca2+ signaling (ATP-induced)1
Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)1
Calcium1
Calcium (Ca+)1
cardiac magnetic resonance (cmr) data1
Cardiorespiratory fitness1
Caspase-1 activity (p20 subunit)1
Caspase-121
Caspase-3 activation1
Catalase activity1
CC16 (Clara cell protein 16)1
CCL2 mRNA1
CCL5 mRNA1
CD11b+ cells1
CD11c1
CD14+ Monocytes1
CD1631
CD20+ B cells1
CD206 (M2 macrophage marker)1
CD21+, HLADR+, PD-1+ switched memory B cells1
CD3+ T cells1
CD31+Emcn+ (Type H vessels)1
CD341
CD39+ Helios+ regulatory T cells1
CD4/CD8 ratio1
CD68+ macrophages1
CD801
CD86 (M1 macrophage marker)1
CDH31
Cell migration (scratch assay)1
Cell migration/invasion1
Cell morphology (microvilli, shrinkage, pycnosis, karyorrhexis)1
Cell number (crystal violet stain)1
Central Corneal Thickness (CCT)1
Cerebral oxygen saturation1
Cerebral Performance Category (CPC)1
Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score1
cFos (immediate early gene)1
CFS (Chalder Fatigue Scale)1
CFU-S and CFU-GM1
CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide)1
Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2) CCL2 or Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP1)1
Cholecystokinin (CCK)1
Cholic acid (CA),1
Choline-to-creatine ratio1
CHOP1
Citrate1
Citrate Synthase (CS)1
Citrate synthase activity1
Cleaved caspase-71
Clinical Attachment Level (CAL)1
Clostridium clusters1
Clostridium leptum abundance1
clostridium xi1
Cluster size (number of water molecules)1
CO21
Coagulation function parameters1
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)1
Col I (Collagen type I)1
COL1A (Collagen type I)1
COL2A11
COL3A1 (Collagen type III)1
Collagen content (fibrosis)1
Collagen fibers (total, reticular)1
Collagen I (Col I) mRNA1
Collagen I-V (COL1A1, COL1A2, COL2A1, COL3A1, COL4A1, COL4A2, COL4A4, COL1A5, COL4A6, COL5A1, COL5A2)1
Collagen III1
Collagen-11
Color properties (l*/a*/b*)1
Complete blood count1
Complete Spontaneous Bowel Movement (CSBM) frequency1
Confusion Assessment Method of Post-operative Delirium (CAM)1
Control Status Scale for Diabetes (CSSD70)1
COPD Assessment Test1
Corneocyte ultrastructure1
Coronary flow1
corynebacterium1
Countermovement Jump (CMJ)1
Cpt1a1
CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) target gene expression1
CTCAE grade 3 mucositis1
CTX (C-telopeptide of type I collagen)1
Cu/Zn Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1)1
CuZn-SOD (liver)1
CXCL101
CXCL161
CXCL81
CXCL91
CYBB (Nox2)1
Cyp family (Cyp1a1, Cyp2c13, Cyp2c24, etc.)1
CYP3A (Cytochrome P450 3A)1
cyp7a11
CYP7A1 mRNA expression1
cyp8b11
Cyr611
Cytochrome b1
Cytokeratin1
Cytosolic redox state (roGFP)1
d-glucose 6-phosphate1
d-ROMs (diacron reactive oxygen metabolites)1
Daily dose of hypertensive medication1
Death Receptor 5 (DR5/TNFR10B)1
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS)1
deoxy[Hb + Mb] (Deoxygenated Hemoglobin + Myoglobin)1
Deoxyadenosine1
Deoxyinosine1
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21)1
Dermal mast cell count1
Dermcidin (in exhaled breath condensate)1
desulfovibrio1
Direct Bilirubin (DBIL)1
Dissolved Hydrogen (H2) Concentration1
Dissolved hydrogen concentration1
Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emissions (DPOAEs) Amplitude1
Disulfide1
Disulphide1
Disulphide/NT × 1001
Disulphide/TT × 1001
DL-serine1
Dorsiflexion range of movement (WBLT)1
Dry eye sensation (subjective symptom)1
Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp-1)1
EC-SOD (extracellular superoxide dismutase)1
ECP (Eosinophil Cationic Protein)1
Egr11
Elastic fibers1
Electrolyte Leakage (EL)1
Electrophoretic mobility (EPM) of RBC1
elf2a1
elusimicrobium1
Endocan1
Endogenous hematopoietic spleen colony formation (endoCFUs)1
Endoglin1
Endoglucanase (EG)1
Energy Expenditure (EE)1
Eosinophil count1
Eosinophils1
Eotaxin (mRNA and protein)1
Epidermal thickness1
Epididymal fat weight1
Epithelialization1
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR120)1
Escherichia-Shigella (gut bacteria)1
Estrogen (E2)1
Event-free survival1
Exhaled H2 concentration1
EZH21
FAD1
Faecalibacterium (gut microbiota genus)1
Fancc (Fanconi anemia, complementation group C)1
FAS1
Fas+ effector cytotoxic T cells1
Fas+ effector T helper cells1
Fasn1
Fasting glucose1
Fasting glycemia1
Fasting serum insulin1
Fat mass1
Fatigue (BFI-T score)1
Fatigue Index (FI)1
Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS)1
FATox (%)1
Fatp11
Fatty acid uptake (BODIPY FL C16)1
Fatty liver (ultrasound)1
Ferricyanide/Ferrocyanide redox1
Ferricyanide/Ferrocyanide redox state1
FGFR41
Fibrinolytic activity of urine1
Fibroblast cell density1
Fibronectin 1 (FN1) mRNA1
FITC-dextran permeability1
Five Jump Test (5JT)1
FN-1 (Fibronectin)1
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)1
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1)1
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)1
Formate1
FOS1
FoxP31
FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power)1
Free fatty acids (C2, C8, C10, C15, C18, C20)1
Free thyroxine (FT4)1
Free triiodothyronine (FT3)1
Fruit equatorial diameter1
G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (TGR5)1
G1 phase cell population1
G2 phase cell population1
G6pc1
GATA-3 (Th2)1
Gdf15 (growth differentiation factor 15)1
Gene expression (general)1
GFAP-positive cells (astrocytes/Müller glia)1
Gibberellin (GA1)1
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)1
Glomerulosclerosis Score1
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)1
Glutamate (posterior cingulate gyrus)1
Glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM)1
Glutamate-plus-glutamine (posterior cingulate gyrus)1
Glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)1
Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity1
Glutathione S-transferase (GST)1
Glutathione S-transferase mu 1 (GSTM1)1
Glycerophosphocholine1
Glycosylated serum protein1
Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA)1
Glyoxal1
GM-1301
Goblet cell number1
Golgin971
GOLPH31
GPx activity1
GPX-11
GPX-41
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (G-CSF)1
Grip strength1
GSDMD1
GSK3β1
GSTA2 (Glutathione S-transferase A2)1
Guanidineacetic acid1
H+ efflux1
H+ flux1
Handgrip strength1
HCO3- (bicarbonate)1
Heat shock protein 20/70 (HSP20/70)1
Heat Shock Proteins (HSP60, HSP70, HSPs)1
HeatShockProtein70(HSP70)1
Hemoptysis1
Hepatic transaminases1
Hepatic Tumour Number/Size1
Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF)1
HF (High Frequency Power)1
HIF-11
HIF-1α1
High-Frequency (HF) Power (Parasympathetic Tone)1
Histamine (serum)1
Histologic Brain Injury Score1
Histopathological Changes1
HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression1
HMGCS21
HO-1 activity1
HO-1 protein expression1
HO• (HPF)1
HOMA-IR1
HOMA-β1
Homocysteine1
Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)1
HPA positive goblet cells1
HSD11β1 (Hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 1)1
HSP47 (SERPINH1)1
HSP701
HSP70 (HSPA1A, HSPA1B, HSPA2, HSPA5, HSPA8, HSPA9)1
HSP90 (HSP90AA1, HSP90AB1, HSP90B1, TRAP1)1
HSPA5 (Heat shock protein 5)1
Hydrogen (H2) in breath1
Hydrogen (H2) in exhaled air1
Hydrogen (H2) in exhaled breath1
Hydrogen atom (H•)1
Hydrogen concentration (HC) in blood1
Hydrogen production (by intestinal bacteria)1
Hydrogen production rate (HPR)1
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)1
Hydrogenase activity1
Hydroxyl radicals1
Hydroxyproline levels1
Hypoxia-InducibleFactor-1Alpha (HIF-1a)1
Iba1-positive cells (microglia/macrophages)1
Iba1-positive microglia cells1
Idh1 (isocitrate dehydrogenase 1)1
IFN-γ mRNA1
IgA1
IL-11
IL-17 (Th17 cytokine)1
IL-23 (Th17 cytokine)1
Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)1
Indoxyl sulfate1
Inflammation biomarkers1
Inflammatory cell infiltration (around iris and ciliary body)1
Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKK2/IKK-β)1
Initial cell adhesion1
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)1
Interferon Alpha 1 (IFNA1)1
Interleukin-22 (IL-22)1
Intraocular Pressure (IOP)1
IP3R1 disulfide bonds1
IP3R1 phosphorylation1
IRG1 (Immunoresponsive gene 1)1
Itaconic acid1
JNK (phosphorylated)1
JNK phosphorylation1
Johnsen Score (JS)1
K/Na Ratio1
K6 score (mood/anxiety)1
KC (keratinocyte-derived chemokine)1
KEGG Orthology (KO) genes (e.g., K00242, K18120, K00135, K14534)1
Klotho1
L-arginine (L-Arg)1
l-citrulline1
l-glutamic acid1
l-lactic acid1
l-leucine1
L-serine1
L-threonine1
Lactic acid1
Lactobacillus casei abundance1
Lactococcus (gut bacteria)1
LC31
LC3-II/LC3-I ratio1
LC3B II/I1
LDL oxidation mediated inflammation1
LEF11
Left Coronary Artery Diameter1
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF)1
Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)1
Left Ventricular Stroke Volume Index (LVSVI)1
Leucine1
Leydig cell count1
LF/HF Ratio1
Lichtiger’s clinical activity index (CAI)1
Lipase1
Lipid Droplets (LDs)1
Lipid Hydroperoxide (LPO)1
Liver catalase1
Liver fat (oil droplet content)1
Liver fat content (MRI quantified)1
Liver function1
Liver function tests1
Liver glycogen1
Liver GPx (glutathione peroxidase)1
Liver IL-171
Liver IL-1β1
Liver IL-231
Liver IL-61
Liver TNF-α1
LMR1
lncRNA MALAT11
Low-Frequency (LF) Power (Sympathetic Tone)1
LOX-11
LP-PLA21
Lung weight to Body weight ratio (LW/BW)1
LVSP (Left Ventricular Systolic Pressure)1
Lymphocyte Transformation Test (LTT)1
M30 CytoDeath1
Malondialdehyde (MDA) of RBC's1
Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1)1
Maximal Aerobic Speed (MAS)1
Maximal rates of pressure development and fall (+(dP/dt)max, -(dP/dt)max)1
Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES)1
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)1
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)1
Mechanical Allodynia1
Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea scale1
Metabolic Index (MI)1
Methamphetamine-induced rotations (behavioral marker)1
Methane (CH4) in exhaled air1
Methane (CH4) in exhaled breath1
Methanogens1
Methionine and cysteine disulfide bonds in IP3R11
MicroRNA-199 (miR-199)1
MicroRNA-21(miR-21)1
MicroRNA-9 (miR-9)1
Milk fat content1
Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE)1
MIP-1b1
MIP-21
miR-124-3p1
miRNA-11
miRNA-15b1
miRNA-211
Mitochondrial Complex I activity1
Mitochondrial Complex II/III activity1
Mitochondrial Complex IV activity1
Mitochondrial Complex V activity1
Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (WST-8 assay)1
Mitochondrial redox state (roGFP)1
Mitochondrial ROS (mitoSOX fluorescence)1
Mitochondrial Transcription Factor a (TFAM)1
Mitofusin-2 (MFN2)1
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 1 (MAP3K1)1
Mn-SOD (liver)1
Modified Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale (mMRC)1
Modified Rankin Scale (mRS)1
Motivational response (cognitive function)1
MPO-DNA complex1
MRI relative signal intensity (RSI)1
MsHO-1 transcript1
MT-CO1 (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I)1
mTOR1
mtROS (mitochondrial reactive oxygen species)1
mucispirillum1
Murocholic acid (muroCA)1
Muscle tone (left calf)1
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity1
Myocardial Area at Risk1
Myoglobin1
N-acetyl aspartate (NAA)1
N-acetylneuraminic acid1
N-carbamoyl-l-aspartic acid1
N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide1
Na+ flux1
Na+ influx1
NAAG (N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid)1
NAD+1
NAD+/NADH redox state1
NADH1
NADH/NAD+1
NADP1
NADPH1
Nasal nitric oxide (nNO)1
NE (Noradrenaline)1
NeuN (Neuronal Nuclei)1
Neurofilament light1
Neurological function score (Garcia scale, wire-hang, beam balance)1
Neurologically intact survival by snds score <1201
Neutrophil cell density1
Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL)1
NF-kB1
NF-kB p651
NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and DNA-binding activity1
NFAT (Nuclear Factor of Activated T-cells) nuclear translocation1
NFAT11
Night blood glucose1
NIHSS score1
NLRP31
NLRP3 inflammasome1
NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 12 (NLRP12)1
Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)1
Norepinephrine1
NOX41
Nqo1 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1)1
NREM sleep amount1
Nrf2 nuclear translocation1
NT/TT × 1001
Number of concussion symptoms1
Number of hydrogen bonds in water clusters1
Number of Repetitions1
Occludin (duodenum, ileum)1
OCN (Osteocalcin)1
Ocular fatigue (subjective symptom)1
One-leg stance time1
OPN (osteopontin)1
OsAFB2-1, OsAFB2-2, OsTIR1 (auxin receptor genes)1
OsAPX gene expression1
OsCAT-A gene expression1
OsCAT-B gene expression1
OsCu/ZnSOD gene expression1
OsERS1, OsERS2, OsETR2, OsETR3, OsETR4 (ethylene receptor genes)1
OsFeSOD gene expression1
OsGID1 (GA receptor gene)1
OsGPX gene expression1
OsHk6 (cytokinin receptor gene)1
OSI (oxidative stress index)1
OSIT-J (Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese) score1
OsMnSOD gene expression1
OsNPR4 (salicylic acid receptor gene)1
OsPYL (ABA receptor gene)1
Osteoblast Number1
Osteoclast Number1
Osterix (Sp7)1
Osx (Osterix)1
Oxidative stress markers (e.g., hydroxyl radicals, superoxide)1
Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) in Mitochondria1
Oxygen uptake (VO2)1
P-GSK3β1
p-IκBα1
P-L control efficiency (mitochondrial respiration)1
p-mTOR1
p-NF-κB1
p-p38 MAPK1
p-STAT11
p-Tau1
P=O asymmetric stretching (nucleic acid)1
p161
p211
p271
PAC-QOL (Patient Assessment of Constipation–Quality of Life) score1
PAC-SYM (Patient Assessment of Constipation–Symptoms) score1
Pain (VAS score)1
Pantothenate1
PaO2/FIO2 (oxygenation index)1
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1)1
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)1
Parkin1
PARP-1 (Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1)1
PBMC Apoptosis (Annexin V+ DAPI+)1
PD-1 expression on naïve Th cells1
PDE6B1
PDGF1
Peak Heart Rate (HRpeak)1
Peak Power Output1
Peak torque (muscle function)1
Peptide YY (PYY)1
Peripheral blood cell count1
Peripheral blood leukocyte count1
Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2)1
Peripheral White Blood Cell Count (WBC)1
Perivascular collagen1
Peroxynitrite (ONOO-)1
Phenolic content (general)1
Phospho-Akt (p-Akt)1
Phospho-tau (p-tau)1
Phosphorus1
Phosphorylated ASK11
Phosphorylated IjBa1
Phosphorylated p38 MAPK1
Phosphorylated p38, ERK1/2, JNK1
Phosphorylated STAT31
Phosphorylated tau (AT8, Alz50)1
phosphorylated-NF-kB inhibitor alpha (p-IKBα)1
Physiological parameters (pH, sO2, pO2, pCO2, BE, BB)1
Phytomelatonin1
PI3K1
PINK11
PINP (Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide)1
PKR1
Plaque Index (PI)1
Plasma insulin1
Plasma viscosity1
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor (PDGFR-ꞵ)1
PLR1
PLUNC1
pMEK/MEK1
POD transcript1
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) in BALF1
Postprandial Glucose (A(G), AUCrel(G))1
Power Output (W)1
PPARα1
PPARγ1
Prdx1 (Peroxiredoxin 1)1
Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS)1
Probing Pocket Depth (PPD)1
Programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4)1
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)1
Proline1
Prostaglandin (PG)1
Protein carbonyls1
Protein phosphorylation (general)1
Prothrombin index (PTI)1
Prothrombin Time1
Pruritus1
Pulmonary contusion (CT finding)1
Pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, PEFR)1
Pure Tone Audiogram (PTA) threshold1
Pyroglutamate1
Pyruvate1
Raf1
Ras1
RBC count1
Reactive Hyperemia Index (RHI)1
Reactive Oxygen Metabolites (ROM, CARR U)1
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lacrimal gland (mice)1
Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE)1
Regulatory T cells1
Relative Water Content (RWC)1
RELB1
REM sleep amount1
Renin1
Respiratory Rate (RR)1
Retinal Outer Nuclear Layer (ONL) Thickness1
Retinal thickness1
Rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP)1
RIP11
RIP31
RMSSD (Root Mean Square of Successive Differences)1
RORct (Th17)1
ruminococcus1
S phase cell population1
S-100β1
Salicylic acid (SA)1
Scad-11
SCAT2 (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 2) score1
SCD11
SCGB3A2 (Secretoglobin family 3A member 2)1
SDNN (Standard Deviation of NN intervals)1
SDNN/RMSSD1
Seminiferous tubule diameter1
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) - Respiration Score1
Serine carboxypeptidase-like proteins I/II (SCPLI/II)1
Sertoli cell count1
Serum catalase1
Serum chloride1
Serum endotoxin1
Serum FSH1
Serum GPx (glutathione peroxidase)1
Serum IL-171
Serum IL-1β1
Serum IL-231
Serum IL-61
Serum LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)1
Serum LH1
Serum markers for myopathy1
Serum matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3)1
Serum NO (nitric oxide)1
Serum ROS (reactive oxygen species)1
Serum TNF-α1
Serum triglycerides1
sFlt-1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1)1
Shannon index (α-diversity)1
Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs): Acetic acid1
Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs): Butyric acid1
Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs): Propionic acid1
Single fruit weight1
Single-leg stance test (SLST) errors1
Skeletal muscle mass1
Skin blotch (melanin/lipofuscin)1
SLC6A11
Sleep Efficiency1
Sleep onset latency1
Sleep quality1
SlTDC, SlT5H, SlSNAT, SlCOMT, SlASMT1
Smac (Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases)1
Smad2/3 (phosphorylated)1
SMAD31
SMC31
SNAIL1
SOD-2 immunoreactivity1
Sod3 (superoxide dismutase 3)1
Sodium Reabsorption1
Solid–acid ratio (SSC/TA)1
Soluble Thrombomodulin (sTM)1
SOST (Sclerostin)1
SOX91
SP-A (Surfactant protein A)1
Sperm Abnormality Percentage1
Sperm count1
Sperm motility1
Sperm viability1
Spermatid head count1
Spermatogonia cell count1
Spleen weight1
SpO2 (Oxygen Saturation)1
Squat Jump (SJ)1
Srebp-11
SREBP-1c1
STAT31
Stem Cell Factor (SCF)1
StO2 (Tissue Oxygen Saturation)1
Stool consistency1
Stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1)1
Sub G1 DNA content1
Succinate1
Sugar tolerance1
Sugar–acid ratio1
Superoxide anion (O2•−)1
Superoxide Dismutase (SOD)-like activity1
Surfactant proteins1
Survival at 90 days1
Survival Rate (90 days)1
Symbol digit modalities test (SDMT) errors1
Symptom severity score (SCAT2)1
T-bet (Th1)1
T-tau1
Tau1
Tear film breakup time (TBUT)1
Tear meniscus height (TMH)1
Tear secretion (mice)1
Testis weight1
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)1
TG/HDL Ratio1
TGFBR1, TGFBR2, TGFBR3, Smad2, Smad3, Smad41
Thermal Hyperalgesia1
Thioredoxin 1 (TRX)1
Thrombin time (TT)1
Thymus and Activation-Regulated Chemokine (TARC)1
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)1
TIM3+ expression on Tc cells1
Timed Up and Go test (TUG)1
Tissue ATP1
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP-1)1
Titratable acidity (TA)1
TNF/NF-κB pathway1
Toll-Like Receptor-1 (TLR1)1
Toll-Like Receptor-2 (TLR2)1
Toll-Like Receptor-6 (TLR6)1
Toll-Like Receptor-7 (TLR7)1
Toll-Like Receptor-9 (TLR9)1
Total anthocyanins1
Total Bilirubin (TBIL)1
Total carbonyl (liver)1
Total cells in BALF1
Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio1
Total collagen deposition1
Total hemoglobin (tHb)1
Total immunoglobulin E (IgE)1
Total phenolic content (TPC)1
Total Protein (TP)1
Total Quality Recovery Scale (TQRS)1
Total ROS1
Total serum cholesterol1
Total Sleep Time1
Total sulfhydryl content1
Total superoxide dismutase (SOD, serum)1
Total triglycerides1
Total volatiles1
Total WBC count1
Total White Blood Cell (WBC) Count1
Total white blood cell count1
Total-SOD (liver)1
Total[Hb + Mb] (Total Hemoglobin + Myoglobin)1
Tr1 cells1
Trail-making test performance1
Treg cells1
Tryptase1
Tryptophan1
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)1
Tumour Markers (various, e.g., CEA, CA19-9)1
Tumour Necrosis Factor Beta (TNF-b)1
Type-I Collagen1
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in substantia nigra1
Tyrosine Hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)1
Ucp11
UDP-glucosyltransferase 85A (UGT85A)1
UGT1A6 (UDP-glucuronosyl transferase 1A6)1
UPDRS1 (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale 1)1
UPDRS2 (Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale 2)1
Urea nitrogen1
Uridine 5’-diphosphogalactose1
Uridine 5’-diphosphoglucuronic acid1
Urinary 8-Isoprostane (u-IsoP)1
Usual gait speed1
Valine1
Vascular structure density1
VCAM-11
VEGFR21
Ventricular fibrillation duration (VFD)1
Ventricular tachycardia episodes (VTE)1
Very low-density cholesterol (VLDL-C)1
Vimentin1
Visceral adipose tissue1
Visceral fat area1
Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for Fatigue1
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)1
Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for fatigue1
VLDL1
VLDL cholesterol1
VLDL triglycerides1
VO2 max1
Volatile compounds (e.g., terpenes, acids, esters, aldehydes)1
Volume of white matter injury on T2 imaging1
Wake Time1
Walking ability1
WBC count1
Wee11
Weight1
Whole body reaction time1
Worm recovery rate1
Wrinkle Area Ratio1
XBP1s1
Z score (LCA)1
ZO-1 (duodenum)1
α-amylase (AMY)1
α-amylase inhibition1
α-glucosidase inhibition1
α-Hydroxybutyric Dehydrogenase (HDB)1
α-muricholic acids (α-MCA)1
α-tocopherol1
β-catenin1
β-diversity (Bray–Curtis dissimilarity)1
β-glucosidase (BGL)1
β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HOB)1
β-muricholic acids (β-MCA)1
β-site app cleaving enzyme 1 (bace1)1
γδ T cells1

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Literature ReviewHypothesisHighlighted

Malproduction of endogenous hydrogen gas in COVID-19

MHID-3205850PMID: 359678412022Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology

Sergej M Ostojic

The molecular footprints of COVID-19 occur everywhere, even reaching the family of biologically active gases and gasotransmitters. Besides nitric oxide and hydrogen sulﬁde, COVID-19 might also alter the homeostasis of dihydrogen (H2), another gaseous bioactive molecule produced endogenously by the human gut bacteria. Many studies have shown various alterations of the gut microbiota in patients wit