Effect of hydrogen-rich water on periodontal disease, interleukin and blood glucose levels in diabetic: a systematic review

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels associated with periodontal disease and increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as interleukin. Therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen for a wide range of disease models and human diseases have been investigated. This review aims to systematically analyze and review animal and human studies investigating the effect of HRW on periodontal tissues, interleukin, or blood glucose levels. An electronic search was conducted via PubMed/Medline, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library, LILACS, Science.gov, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CONTROL) using the keywords "Hydrogen Water", "Diabetes Mellitus", "Interleukin" and "Periodontal disease" for studies published between January 2011 to May 2021. After the elimination of duplicate items, the primary search resulted in 101 articles. After excluding irrelevant articles based on abstract and title, full texts of 45 articles were read to exclude additional unrelated studies. Eight studies were included in this review for qualitative analysis. The results showed that Drinking HRW exerts certain antioxidants for oxidative gingival stress and anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing interleukin and decreasing blood glucose levels for DM patients.

Study details

Article type

Systematic Review / Meta-Analysis

Disease / injury model

Diabetes Mellitus, Periodontal Disease

Dose comparison

The review notes that hydrogen concentrations in water varied between studies (e.g., 800–1000 μg/L, ≥500 mg/L, 1.0 ppm), and that higher concentrations may have greater efficacy.

Dose-dependent effect

Yes

Outcome

Positive

Findings

Long-term consumption of hydrogen-rich water exerts antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by decreasing interleukin and blood glucose levels in diabetic patients, and improves periodontal health.