Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Growth, Redox Homeostasis and Hormonal, Histological and Immune Systems in Rats Exposed to High Cage Density Stress

Abstract

Objectives: This study investigated the impact of drinking hydrogen-rich water (HRW) on growth performance, organ weights, thiol/disulphide homeostasis, oxidative status and some hormonal, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes in rats fed in a restricted housing environment. Methods: The eight groups (each group [male/female] eight rats) comprised two control, two hydrogen, two stress and two stress + hydrogen. All animals were given feed and water ad libitum for 3 months. Control and HRW group rats were calculated according to weight and housed according to the Guide’s housing condition. The stress group and stress + HRW group were housed in half the area of the Guide’s housing condition according to their weight. The animal’s weekly body weights were measured throughout the study. The animals were sacrificed in accordance with ethical rules. Then, biochemical analyses were performed on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), cortisol, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium (Ca2+), total thiol (TT), native thiol (NT), disulphide, disulphide/TT × 100, disulphide/NT × 100 and NT/TT × 100, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH). Haematoxylin staining for histopathological and SOD-2 immunoreactivity was also assessed. Results: Results showed that live weight gain was higher in the HRW groups than in the stress group. Oxidant status in biochemical analyses decreased in the stress + HRW group compared to the stress group. TSH decreased in the stress group. FT4, cortisol and Ca2+ increased in the stress group. Conclusions: The stress-related physiological parameters were reduced in the HRW + stress group compared to the stress group. HRW could be suggested when the organism is found in stressful conditions.

Study details

Article type

Original Research

Disease / injury model

High cage density (crowding) stress model in rats

Duration

3 months

Outcome

Positive

Findings

Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) improved growth performance and reduced oxidative stress and stress-related physiological parameters in rats exposed to high cage density stress. HRW mitigated the negative effects of stress on body and organ weights, redox homeostasis, and hormonal profiles, suggesting its potential as a supportive intervention under stressful conditions.