Effects of Molecular Hydrogen in the Pathophysiology and Management of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases

Abstract

Diet and lifestyle choices, notably the Western-type diet, are implicated in oxidative stress and inflammation, factors that elevate the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In contrast, the Mediterranean of diet, rich in antioxidants, appears to have protective effects against these risks. This article highlights the dual role of diet in generating molecular hydrogen (H2) in the gut, and H2’s subsequent influence on the pathophysiology and prevention of CVD and T2DM. Dietary fiber, flavonoids, and probiotics contribute to the production of liters of H2 in the gut, functioning as antioxidants to neutralize free radicals and dampen inflammation. In the last two decades, mounting evidence has demonstrated that both endogenously produced and exogenously administered H2, whether via inhalation or H2-rich water (HRW), have potent anti-inflammatory effects across a wide range of biochemical and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies indicate that H2 can neutralize hydroxyl and nitrosyl radicals, acting as a cellular antioxidant, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation—leading to a significant decline in CVDs and metabolic diseases. Clinical and experimental research support the therapeutic potential of H2 interventions such as HRW in managing CVDs and metabolic diseases. However, larger studies are necessary to verify the role of H2 therapy in the management of these chronic diseases.

Study details

Article type

Review

Dose comparison

The review summarizes studies with different doses and concentrations of hydrogen (e.g., 0.9–2 L/day HRW, 2% inhaled H2), reporting their effects on metabolic and cardiovascular markers.

Dose-dependent effect

Yes

Outcome

Mixed

Findings

Molecular hydrogen (H2), both endogenously produced in the gut and exogenously administered (via inhalation or hydrogen-rich water), demonstrates significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, leading to improvements in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including reductions in oxidative stress, inflammation, cholesterol, and markers of metabolic syndrome. Clinical and experimental studies support the therapeutic potential of H2, but larger studies are needed for confirmation.