A comprehensive review of molecular hydrogen as a novel nutrition therapy in relieving oxidative stress and diseases: Mechanisms and perspectives

Abstract

Oxidative stress is responsible for the pathogenesis of many diseases, and antioxidants are commonly included in their treatment protocols. Over the past two decades, numerous biomedical reports have revealed the therapeutic benefits of molecular hydrogen (H2) in relieving oxidation-related diseases. H2 has been found to have selective antioxidant properties against the most dangerous oxidants (hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite). H2 demonstrates numerous biologically therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-stress, anti-apoptotic, anti-allergic effects, signaling molecule functions, regulation of redox balance, modulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression, improvement of blood vessel function, down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulation of energy metabolism, and protection of the nervous system. Experimental and clinical studies have shown the potential use of hydrogen nutrition therapy for ameliorating various diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic disorders, as well as obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, and brain and nervous system disorders. The administration methods of hydrogen include inhalation, hydrogen-rich water, hydrogen-rich saline, hydrogen-rich eye drops, and hydrogen-rich bathing. Hydrogen nutritional therapy can be applied to different diseases, and it offers a natural alternative to chemical and radiation therapies. This review covers the different administration methods and the latest experimental and clinical research on the potential applications of H2 in nutritional therapy for different diseases.

Study details

Article type

Review

Disease / injury model

Oxidative stress-related diseases (cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, neurological, obesity)

Dose comparison

The review discusses different dosages and protocols used in studies, noting that there is no standard dosage but provides examples (e.g., 1.5–2 L HRW/day, 1.65–2.6 mg H2/day).

Dose-dependent effect

Yes

Outcome

Positive

Findings

Molecular hydrogen (H2) shows promise as a nutritional therapy for relieving oxidative stress and a wide range of diseases, including cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, and neurological disorders. H2 demonstrates selective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and other beneficial biological effects, with experimental and clinical studies supporting its safety and efficacy. Various administration methods (inhalation, hydrogen-rich water, saline, eye drops, bathing) are discussed, and H2 is highlighted as a natural, safe, and potentially effective alternative or adjunct to conventional therapies.